Flooding of the Chagres River was a problem with the construction of the Panama Canal. During occasional floods, the flowrate near Barbacoas would rise as high as 600,000 gal/s compared to 7500 gal/s in the dry season. If the effects of friction must be considered, determine the diameter needed for a 1500 ft wrought iron pipe to carry away 75,000 gal/s. The water is released at sea level(a drop in elevation of about 200 ft).

Amass of m 1.5 kg of steam is contained in a closed rigid container. initially the pressure and temperature of the steam are: p 1.5 mpa and t 240°c (superheated state), respectively. then the temperature drops to t2= 100°c as the result of heat transfer to the surroundings. determine: a) quality of the steam at the end of the process, b) heat transfer with the surroundings. for: p1.5 mpa and t 240°c: enthalpy of superheated vapour is 2900 kj/kg, specific volume of superheated vapour is 0. 1483 m/kg, while for t 100°c: enthalpy of saturated liquid water is 419kj/kg, specific volume of saturated liquid water is 0.001043m/kg, enthalpy of saturated vapour is 2676 kj/kg, specific volume of saturated vapour is 1.672 m/kg and pressure is 0.1 mpa.

Steam enters a converging nozzle at 3.0 mpa and 500°c with a at 1.8 mpa. for a nozzle exit area of 32 cm2, determine the exit velocity, mass flow rate, and exit mach number if the nozzle: negligible velocity, and it exits (a) is isentropic (b) has an efficiency of 94 percent

What is the heat treatment of metals? what is the benefit of it? why and how it's useful? answer in details, do not write by hand.