Please discuss the nature of bifurcation instability and limit point instability. Discuss the instability problem of perfect and real columns, beams and beam-columns, which type of instability are they?

Abrake has a normal braking torque of 2.8 kip in and heat-dissipating cast-iron surfaces whose mass is 40 lbm. suppose a load is brought to rest in 8.0 s from an initial angular speed of 1600 rev/min using the normal braking torque; estimate the temperature rise of the heat dissipating surfaces.

Thermal stresses are developed in a metal when its a) initial temperature is changed b) final temperature is changed c) density is changed d) thermal deformation is prevented e) expansion is prevented f) contraction is prevented

Ahe-xe mixture containing a 0.75 mole fraction of helium is used for cooling electronics in an avionics application. at a temperature of 300 k and atmospheric pressure, calculate the mass fraction of helium and the mass density, molar concentration and molecular weight of the mixture. if the cooling capacity is 10 l, what is the mass of the coolant?