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An ideal otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. the minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 300 k and 1340 k. use constant specific heats at room temperature to determine (a) the amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat- addition kj/kg, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the thermal efficiency of a carnot cycle ope limits. process, in rating between the same temperature

Hydraulic fluid with a sg. of 0.78 is flowing through a 1.5 in. i.d. pipe at 58 gal/min. the fluid has an absolute viscosity of 11.8 x 105 lbf-sec/ft2. is the flow laminar, turbulent or within the critical range? give both a numerical reynolds number and a term answer.

A3-mm-thick panel of aluminum alloy (k 177 w/m-k, c 875 j/kg-k and ? = 2770 kg/m) is finished on both sides with an epoxy coating that must be cured at or above t,-150°c for at least 5 min. the production line for the curing operation involves two steps: (1) heating in a large oven with air at ts,0-175°c and a convection coefficient of h, 40 w/m2. k, and (2) cooling in a large chamber with air at 25°c and a con- vection coefficient of he 10 w/m2.k. the heating portion of the process is conducted over a time interval te which exceeds the ime required to reach 150°c by 5 min (h = r + 300 s). the coating has an emissivity of ? = 0.8, and the temperatures of the oven and chamber walls are 175 and 25°c, respectively. if the panel is placed in the oven at an initial temperature of 25°c and removed from the chamber at a safe-to-touch tempera ture of 37°c, what is the total elapsed time for the two-step curing operation?