A battery with an f. e.m. of 12 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor of 545 How much energy is dissipated by the resistor in 65 s?

When are resistors in series? Resistors are in series whenever the flow of charge, called the current, must flow through devices sequentially. For example, if current flows through a person holding a screwdriver and into the Earth, then  

R

1

 in Figure 1(a) could be the resistance of the screwdriver’s shaft,  

R

2

 the resistance of its handle,  

R

3

 the person’s body resistance, and  

R

4

 the resistance of her shoes.

Figure 2 shows resistors in series connected to a voltage source. It seems reasonable that the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, considering that the current has to pass through each resistor in sequence. (This fact would be an advantage to a person wishing to avoid an electrical shock, who could reduce the current by wearing high-resistance rubber-soled shoes. It could be a disadvantage if one of the resistances were a faulty high-resistance cord to an appliance that would reduce the operating current.)

Two electrical circuits are compared. The first one has three resistors, R sub one, R sub two, and R sub three, connected in series with a voltage source V to form a closed circuit. The first circuit is equivalent to the second circuit, which has a single resistor R sub s connected to a voltage source V. Both circuits carry a current I, which starts from the positive end of the voltage source and moves in a clockwise direction around the circuit.

Figure 2. Three resistors connected in series to a battery (left) and the equivalent single or series resistance (right).

To verify that resistances in series do indeed add, let us consider the loss of electrical power, called a voltage drop, in each resistor in Figure 2.

According to Ohm’s law, the voltage drop,  

V

, across a resistor when a current flows through it is calculated using the equation  

V

=

I

R

, where  

I

 equals the current in amps (A) and  

R

 is the resistance in ohms  

(

Ω

)

. Another way to think of this is that  

V

 is the voltage necessary to make a current  

I

 flow through a resistance  

R

.

So the voltage drop across  

R

1

 is  

V

1

=

I

R

1

, that across  

R

2

 is  

V

2

=

I

R

2

, and that across  

R

3

 is  

V

3

=

I

R

3

. The sum of these voltages equals the voltage output of the source; that is,

V

=

V

1

+

V

2

+

V

3

.

This equation is based on the conservation of energy and conservation of charge. Electrical potential energy can be described by the equation  

P

E

=

q

V

, where  

q

 is the electric charge and  

V

 is the voltage. Thus the energy supplied by the source is  

q

V

, while that dissipated by the resistors is

q

V

1

+

q

V

2

+

q

V

3

.

Explanation:

b. check your rearview mirror

explanation: