A thermal process is being used to reduce the microbial population on product contact surfaces of the packages needed for aseptic packaging of the liquid product. The spoilage microorganism has a D121 5 10 min and a z 5 88C. The microbial population on the surface is 100 per cm2 and the product contact surface area is 8 cm2 for each package. A 9D process has been recommended. a. Determine the process time for the containers at 1408C. b. Estimate the number of containers with spoilage based on survivors on the package surface when 10 million packages have been filled.

Liquid flows at steady state at a rate of 2 lb/'s through a pump, which operates to raise the elevation of the liquid 100 ft from control volume inlet to exit. the liquid specific enthalpy at the inlet is 40.09 btu/lb and at the exit is 40.94 btub. the pump requires 3 btu/s of power to operate. if kinetic energy effects are negligible and gravitational acceleration is 32.174 tt/s, the heat transfer rate associated with this steady state process is most closely 1)-2,02 btu/s from the liquid to the surroundings 2)-3.98 btu/s from the surroundings to the liquid. 3)-4.96 btu/s from the surroundings to the liquid. 4)-1.04 btu/s from the liquid to the surroundings.