Alead (40%) – tin alloy that is cooled from 300 degree c to room temperature starts as a liquid and ends as a solid. describe the stages and composition of the grains and their size if cooled fast or slowly. provide essay answers with a maximum of 500 words.

Hydraulic fluid with a sg. of 0.78 is flowing through a 1.5 in. i.d. pipe at 58 gal/min. the fluid has an absolute viscosity of 11.8 x 105 lbf-sec/ft2. is the flow laminar, turbulent or within the critical range? give both a numerical reynolds number and a term answer.

The catalogue for a refrigerant 22, four-cylinder, hermetic compressor operating at 29 r/s. a condensing temperature of 40°c and an evaporating temperature of -4°c shows a refrigeration capacity of 115 kw. at this operating point, the motor (its efficiency is 90 percent) draws 34.5 kw. the bore of the cylinders is 87 mm and the piston stroke is 70 mm. the performance data are based on 8°c of sub-cooling of the liquid leaving the condenser. compute (a) the actual volumetric efficiency and (b) the compression efficiency.

Cold water (cp=4180j/kg k) leadıng to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe heat transfer at 15c at a rate of 0.25kg/s and is heated to 45c by hot water (cp=4190j/kg k) that enters at 100c at the rate of 3kg/s. if the overall heat transfer coefficient is 950w /m2 k , determıne the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger using e - ntu method