Asteel pipeline conveying gas has an internal diameter of 120 cm and an external diameter of 125 cm. it is laid across the bed of a river, completely immersed in water and is anchored at intervals of 3 m along its length. calculate the buoyancy force in newtons per metre and the upward force in newtons on each anchorage.

Apipe with an outside diameter of 15 cm is exposed to an ambient air and surrounding temperature of -20°c. the pipe has an outer surface temperature of 65°c and an emissivity of 0.85. if the rate of heat loss from the pipe surface is 0.95 kw per meter of length, the external convective heat transfer coefficient (h) is: (a) 12.5 w/m"k (b) 18.6 w/mk (c) 23.7 w/mk (d) 27.9 w/mk (e) 33.5 w/mk