What is to be said about the dynamics of a first-order lag component of a loop with a time constant (τ) of zero? a. the dynamics are not a first-order lag. b. there is no response available. c. the response is algebraic or an instantaneous correspondence of output-to-input change. d. the maximum change response has been reached.

Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.14 mpa and -10°c at a rate of 0.05 ka/s and leaves at 0.8 mpa and 50°c. the refrigerant is cooied in the condenser to 0.72 mpa and 26'c. it is then throttled to 0.15 mpa. sketch the t-s diagram for the system and evaluate: 6) the rate of heat removai from the refrigerated space (kw), it) the power input to the compressor (kw), ii) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor (%), and iv) the cop of the refrigerator.