In this problem, we explore the use of small packets for Voice-over-IP applications. One of the drawbacks of a small packet size is that a large fraction of link bandwidth is consumed by overhead bytes. To this end, suppose that the packet consists of P bytes and 5 bytes of header. a. Consider sending a digitally encoded voice source directly. Suppose the source is encoded at a constant rate of 128 kbps. Assume each packet is entirely filled before the source sends the packet into the network. The time required to fill a packet is the packetization delay. In terms of L, determine the packetization delay in milliseconds.
b. Packetization delays greater than 20 msec can cause a noticeable and unpleasant echo. Determine the packetization delay for L= 1,500 bytes (roughly corresponding to a maximum-sized Ethernet packet) and for L = 50 (corresponding to an ATM packet).
c. Calculate the store-and-forward delay at a single switch for a link rate of R = 622 Mbps for L = 1,500 bytes, and for L = 50 bytes.
d. Comment on the advantages of using a small packet size.