A new company has proposed a number of different cache layouts for their system and you’ve been asked to come in and calculate the overhead for each of the different caches. Their system uses a cache with 16 KB of data storage capable of addressing 4 GB of byte-addressable memory. Stores will be handled by write-back and allocate-on-write policies. Please be sure to show the work for your calculations. A. The first design is a fully associative cache with a block size of 32 bytes, how many bytes of overhead would the cache keep in total (including any necessary tag bits?, valid bits,? dirty bits?, or LRU bits?)?
B. Their next design utilizes a direct mapped cache with 16 different cache lines. How many bytes of overhead would the cache keep in total (including any necessary tag bits?, valid bits,? dirty bits?, or LRU bits?)?
C. Finally, they’ve suggested a 2-way set associative cache with 4 different sets. How many bytes of overhead would the cache keep in total (including any necessary tag bits?, valid bits,? dirty bits?, or LRU bits?)?

answer inspecting packets in isolation from their context;

a  social news website  is an  internet  website  that features  user-posted stories. such stories are ranked based on popularity, as voted on by other users of the site or by website administrators. users typically comment online on the news posts and these comments may also be ranked in popularity. since their emergence with the birth of  web 2.0, social news sites have been used to link many types of information, including news, humor, support, and discussion. all such websites allow the users to submit content and each site differs in how the content is moderated. on the  slashdot  and  fark  websites,  administrators  decide which articles are selected for the front page. on  reddit  and  digg, the articles that get the most votes from the community of users will make it to the front page. many social news websites also feature an online comment system, where users discuss the issues raised in an article. some of these sites have also applied their voting system to the comments, so that the most popular comments are displayed first. some social news websites also have a  social networking  function, in that users can set up a user profile and follow other users' online activity on the website.