Computerized simulations are run repeatedly on tropical storm and hurricane data. As a storm approaches land, these models predict the likelihood of landfall along the coast and the expected intensity of the storm as it makes landfall and continues inland. Which of the following is true about these models?
a) Models are based on past storms and thus should not be relied upon to provide accurate predictions of what new storms are likely to do. Thus, these simulations should be used to predict landfall location but not storm intensity.
b) The quantitative data collected by the satellites and other sources is converted by supercomputers into binary data. Because binary data is discrete, we expect it to be better at predicting the intensity that where the storm will make landfall.
c) Regularly updating the models with data that is being collected from land, air, and space-based instruments allows the models to continually provide updated predictions of where the storm is likely to hit and at what intensity.
d) As models are based on hypotheses that are based on historical data, these simulations should continue to be used to modify the parameters of the computer models, but should not be released to the public during the storms, as they may not be completely reliable.