After completion of this chapter, you should be able to:  Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.  Describe the purpose of the subnet mask.  Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.  Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.  Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.  Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.  Configure global unicast addresses.

Explanation:

structure of IPv4 address

An IPv4 address is composed of four sets of 8 binary bits, which are called octets. The result is that IP addresses contain 32 bits. Each bit in each octet is assigned a decimal value. e.g 10.10.10.3

purpose of subnet mask

Like an IP address, a subnet mask is most commonly expressed in 32 bit dotted decimal format. Unlike an IP address, though, a subnet mask performs just one function.it defines which parts of the IP address refer to the network address and which refer to the node address e.g 255.255.255.0

Unicast IPv4 Address

A unicast address, a single address is specified. Data sent with unicast addressing is delivered to a specific node identified by the address. It is a point-to-point address link.

Broadcast Address

A broadcast address is the opposite of a unicast address. A broadcast address is an IP address that you can use to target all systems on a subnet or network instead of single hosts. In other words, a broadcast message goes to everyone on the network.

Multicast IPv4 address

Multicasting is a mechanism by which groups of network devices can send and receive data between the members of the group at one time, instead of separately sending messages to each device in the group. The multicast grouping is established by configuring each device with the same multicast IP address.

Need for IPv6

IPv6 offers more of improvements over the IPv4. one of it is its capability to handle growth in public networks. IPv6 uses a 128-bit addressing scheme, enabling a huge number of possible addresses compared to IPv4 which uses 32 bit address

representation of IPv6

IPv6 is represented with a colon hexadecimal e.g 2201:0:4167:9e5f:2811:34ef:3f57:feba

types of IPv6 network address

Unicast IPv6 Addresses

a unicast address specifies a single interface. Data packets sent to a unicast destination travel from the sending host to the destination host. It is a direct line of communication.

Global Unicast Addresses

Global unicast addresses are just as that  of IPv4 public addresses. These addresses are routable and travel throughout the network.

Link-Local Addresses

Link-local addresses are designated for use on a single local network. Link-local addresses are automatically configured on all interfaces. The prefix used for a link-local address is fe80::/64. On a single-link IPv6 network with no router, link-local addresses are used to communicate between devices on the link.

Site-Local Addresses

Site-local addresses are equivalent to the IPv4 private address space (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16). As with IPv4, in which private address ranges are used in private networks, IPv6 uses site-local addresses that do not interfere with global unicast addresses. In addition, routers do not forward site-local traffic outside the site.  The prefix used for the site-local address is FEC0::/10.

Multicast Addresses

As with IPv4 addresses, multicasting sends and receives data between groups of nodes. It sends IP messages to that group rather than to every node on the LAN (broadcast) or just one other node (unicast).

Configure global unicast  address

Global unicast addresses are the equivalent of IPv4 public addresses. These addresses are routable and travel throughout the network.

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