Remember that it is desirable for good block ciphers that a change in one input bit affects many output bits, a property that is called diffusion or the avalanche effect. We try now to get a feeling for the avalanche property of DES. We apply an input word that has a "1" at bit position 33 and all other bits as well as the key are zero. (Note that the input word has to run through the initial permutation.) 1. How many S-boxes get different inputs compared to the case when an all-zero plaintext is provided? 2. What is the minimum number of output bits of the S-boxes that will change according to the S-box design criteria? 3. What is the output after the first round? 4. How many output bit after the first round have actually changed compared to the case when the plaintext is all zero? (Observe that we only consider a single round here. There will be more and more output differences after every new round. Hence the term avalanche effect.)

Word vocabulary words: print, proofread, status line, graphics, font effects, left margin, justification, line spacing, copy/paste, data. review words: font point, bold, save, center, error. fill in the correct word for the definition and then transfer the letters to the appropriate spot by number. some numbers will be found multiple times. you will end up with a quotation about…… what else? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 k 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 8 27 28 29 w 31 32 k 34 35 36 w h 39 40 41 42 8 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 .1. a software function that records keystrokes on a disk or drive so information can be 5 4 52 9 later retrieved. p n 2. to produce a paper copy of information. 10 7 12u n 3. a display that shows the location of the cursor, pages, etc. 45 46 18 27 36 20 42p4. pictures or images, located in clip art or other files. 6 24 44 28 34 49 555. any mis-stroke of a key. 47 41 48 2 10 n6. allows major changes to the font such as shadow, emboss, etc. 21 25 46 35 23 21 29 14 22 17 n7. a feature that centers lines of text horizontally. 49 53 46 9 51 p8. size of the font 31 16 22 b l 9. a feature that prints designated text darker than the rest to add emphasis. 32 3 . p10. to compare copy on a display screen or printout to the original 24 39 25 23 54 9 50 3 and correct errors. j un 11. a feature that allows text to be aligned at the left 11 12 7 21 16 49 40 46 34 2 and right margins. leftn 12. amount of blank space on the left side of the paper. 8 18 41 6 34 linen 13. number of blank lines between lines of text. 17 4 49 13 1914. any information inputted into the computer. 3 4 46 44 p /p15. feature that duplicates text from one location and places it in another.

Awide variety of “ apps “ are available to customize devices. which category of app does the word processing software fall into?

What is the name of the option in most presentation applications with which you can modify slide elements? 1. the option enables you to modify a slide element in most presentation applications.