You and your friend who lives far away want to fairly and randomly select which of the two of you will travel to the other’s home for a visit. Your friend remembers having learned about using hashes as cryptographic commitments and proposes to use a coin toss to decide. He tells you to randomly choose ‘heads’ or ‘tails’ by throwing a coin, hash the result using sha256, and send him the hash. Once you have committed to the outcome, he’ll guess ‘heads’ or ‘tails’, you’ll reveal to him your choice and he can verify that the hash is correct. If his choice matches your coin toss, then your friend wins and you have to make the trip. What is the problem with this scheme, as described?

a. there’s no way to prove that your coin toss is random
b. there’s no way to prove that sha256 is collision resistant
c. your friend can hash all possible options and discover your secret
d. unless you sign the hash message your friend can’t be sure it was you who sent it

c. your friend can hash all possible options and discover your secret.

Explanation:

SHA-256 is a set of hash functions that was designed by the NSA. SHA-2 is considered an upgrade on the set that was its predecessor, SHA-1. A hash is a mathematical function that condenses data in a process of one-way encryption. SHA-256 creates hash algoritms that are considered irreversible and unique. However, one of the properties of hashing algorithms is determinism, which means that any computer in the world would be able to compute a particular hash and get the same answer.

the difference is right there dont you see it

there is no universally accepted definition of art. although commonly used to describe something of beauty, or a skill which produces an aesthetic result, there is no clear line in principle between (say) a unique piece of handmade sculpture, and a mass-produced but visually attractive item. we might say that art requires thought - some kind of creative impulse - but this raises more questions: for example, how much thought is required? if someone flings paint at a canvas, hoping by this action to create a work of art, does the result automatically constitute art?