Programs 9.9 and 9.10 implement a priority queue using a doubly-linked list, with dummy head and tail nodes. discuss the effect each of the following changes would have on priority queue operations (that is, list the operations that would be affected, and explain the performance effect).
a. using a singly-linked list instead of a doubly-linked list
b. not using dummy nodes
c. not maintaining a tail pointer.

there is no universally accepted definition of art. although commonly used to describe something of beauty, or a skill which produces an aesthetic result, there is no clear line in principle between (say) a unique piece of handmade sculpture, and a mass-produced but visually attractive item. we might say that art requires thought - some kind of creative impulse - but this raises more questions: for example, how much thought is required? if someone flings paint at a canvas, hoping by this action to create a work of art, does the result automatically constitute art?

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