Hello!
The matching is as follows
1) A carbon that contains no double or triple bonds - Alkane
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. "Saturated" means that each carbon atom has the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible and that no double or triple bonds exist. These are the most simple hydrocarbons. The general molecular formula for an alkane is C(n)H(2n+2). Some common alkanes include methane, ethane, propane, and butane.
2) A hydrocarbon that contains a double bond-Alkene
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons ("unsaturated" in this case meaning that they have double bonds). Alkenes have a C=C bond. They are also called Olephines and are highly reactive, undergoing addition and elimination reactions. The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n. Some common alkenes include ethene (ethylene), propene and butadiene.
3) A hydrocarbon that contains a triple bond-Alkyne
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons ("unsaturated" in this case meaning that they have triple bonds). Alkenes have a C≡C bond and are soluble in nonpolar solvents They are more stable than alkenes. The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2. A common alkyne is acetylene (ethyne) which is used in the manufacturing of plastics and is a fuel for blowtorches.
4) A characteristic atom or group of atoms that bond to hydrocarbons-Substituent.
Substituents are different from Functional groups in the sense that Substituents doesn't necessarily include atoms other than hydrogen and oxygen. Some common substituents are hydrocarbons too, for example, the tert-butyl group, or the phenyl group. When two functional groups are present in a molecule, the most oxidized one will act as the functional group and the less oxidized one will act as a substituent.
5) An atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon-Functional Group
A Functional Group represents the difference between a hydrocarbon and other kinds of Organic Compounds. Functional groups allow compounds to react in different ways, by including atoms other than Carbon and Hydrogen. Some common functional groups include the Hydroxyl Group (-OH), the Oxo Group ( =O), the thiol group (-SH) or the amine group (-NH₂)
6) A compound made entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms-Hydrocarbon
The name "Hydrocarbon" says it all: These compounds are only composed of Hydrogen ("Hydro") and Carbon ("Carbon"). Keep in mind that this doesn't mean that hydrocarbons can't have complex structures since there are many with multiple branching or cycles, as Benzene, Naphthalene, Azulene and many more. Hydrocarbons are commonly found in crude oil.
7) A fragment of a hydrocarbon formed by removing a hydrogen-Alkyl group
When removing an hydrogen, the hydrocarbon becomes a negative ion, and this ion has the ability to bond with positive (electrophilic) sites. For example, the most simple hydrocarbon, methane (CH₄), can lose a hydrogen atom to become methyl (CH₃⁻). Note the change in the nomenclature from alkanes to alkyl groups (The termination -ane changes for -yl). Some common alkyl groups are isopropyl, sec-butyl, and ethyl.
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