Which procedure did early chemists use to determine which substances were elements? a. they observed the substances that made up individual atoms. b. they physically broke down the elements they discovered. c. they broke down materials by chemical means. d. they observed the way the materials looked.

answer: option (b) is the correct answer.

explanation:

a covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons. whereas polarity arises due to difference in electronegativity of two atoms.

therefore, more is the electronegativity of an atom which combines with the titanium, more readily it will induce a partial positive and negative charge.

thus, out of the given options fluorine is most electronegative and has an incomplete octet. therefore, it will readily combine with titanium to share the electrons and complete its octet.