Why must a solution of naoh be standardized using a primary standard, such as khp?

if the concentration of products is decreased, the equilibrium will shift toward the products). add an inert gas (one that is not involved in the reaction) to the constant-volume reaction mixture: this will increase the total pressure of the system, but will have no effect on the equilibrium condition.

explanation:

c. heat could easily travel through the molecules in the air and escape/enter the flask. removing the air slows down the heat transfer.  

it's c. elements are placed in rows based on how may valencies electrons have.