If the length of a fully extended chain length for a polymer molecule is 100 nm, and the average end-to-end distance square = 200 nm2, calculate the equivalent Kuhn segment length and number of Kuhn segments?

Which type of bonding involves the complete transfer of a valence electron from a less electrogrative atom to a more electronegative one

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. the ionic radius for na+ is 102 pm and for cl– is 181 pm. in going from na to cl in period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases? a. the inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do. b. the inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion. c. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. d. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. e. monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

Stage in which a star’s outer layers have started to cool and grow outward?