Using a lattice structure of sodium chloride, explain why sodium chloride: a) forms crystals that are cubic in shape [2]

b) has a high melting point [2]

c) acts as an insulator when solid, but will conduct electricity when molten. [2]

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Explanation:

a) This pattern is repeated in all directions, giving a giant three-dimensional lattice structure in sodium chloride crystals. Because of the strong electrostatic forces between them, it takes a great deal of energy to separate the positive and negative ions in a crystal lattice.

b) Sodium chloride has a high melting and boiling point. There are strong electrostatic attractions between the positive and negative ions, and it takes a lot of heat energy to overcome them. Ionic substances all have high melting and boiling points.

c) In the solid state, ionic compounds such as sodium chloride have their ions fixed in position and therefore these ions cannot move so solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity. However in the molten state, ions in ionic compounds are free to flow and therefore molten sodium chloride can conduct electricity.

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