7. (a) Using two examples, explain how covalent compounds are formed. [4 marks] (b) State three physical properties of covalent compounds. [3 marks]
(c) Describe an experiment how you can carry out an experiment to investigate one of the properties mentioned above. [3 marks]

8. (a) Using two examples, explain how covalent compounds are formed. [14 marks]
(b) State three physical properties of covalent compounds.[3 marks]
Describe an experiment how you can carry out an experiment to investigate one of the properties mentioned above. [3 marks]​

Answer; a) Covalent compound are formed when atoms of different molecules share electrons in order to be stable either by losing or gaining electrons

eg.. HCL hydrogen chloride , a chlorine atom has 7 electrons on its outer shell and hydrogen has 1 so when this two pair they become covalently bonded. chlorine shares one electron with the hydrogen atom ,thus to say both now have a stable arrangement of electron in their outer shell.

methane CH4 the carbon atom has 4 electrons and hydrogen has 1 so carbon would need 4 more and hydrogen would need 1 more so carbon pairs with 4 hydrogen atoms making it 8 and hydrogen 2 so they now have a stable arrangement ,thus the carbon atom shares with 4 hydrogen atoms.

b) some physical properties are

i)they have low melting and boiling points

ii)their insolubility in water

iii) they are non conductors of electricity

c) an experiment using their melting and boiling point

EXPERIMENT; lets use the covalent molecule carbon monoxide CO

when you apply heat and it tend to melt at a -199 degree celsius then it is a covalent molecule

and when it starts to boil at -191 degree celsuis then its sure a carbon monoxide covalent molecule

explanation; the reason for its low melting point and boiling point is because the attraction between the molecule is very low so it doesn't need much energy to break up the lattice between them.

HOPE THIS HELP if you need more explanation feel free to comment in the comment section

> b takes place in the gas phase in an isothermal tubular reactor. the feed is one mole of a per one mole of c, an inert. the entering temperature and pressure are 427°c and 10 atm, respectively. the gas constant r = 0.08206 atm · l/mol · k.