A template of a Venn diagram representing common and differentiating characteristics of covalent and ionic bonds is shown. Two overlapping circles are shown. On top of the left-hand circle Ionic Bond is written and on top of the right-hand circle Covalent bond is written. The non-overlapping space on the left is marked A, the overlapping space is marked B and the non-overlapping space on the right is marked C.

Which of the following characteristics can be written only in space A?

Formed between atoms of similar electronegativities
Formed between two metal atoms mostly found on the left of the periodic table
Formed between two non-metal atoms mostly found on the right of the periodic table
Formed between an atom that tends to lose electrons and an atom that tends to gain electrons

Challenge question: this question is worth 6 points. as you saw in problem 9 we can have species bound to a central metal ion. these species are called ligands. in the past we have assumed all the d orbitals in some species are degenerate; however, they often are not. sometimes the ligands bound to a central metal cation can split the d orbitals. that is, some of the d orbitals will be at a lower energy state than others. ligands that have the ability to cause this splitting are called strong field ligands, cnâ’ is an example of these. if this splitting in the d orbitals is great enough electrons will fill low lying orbitals, pairing with other electrons in a given orbital, before filling higher energy orbitals. in question 7 we had fe2+, furthermore we found that there were a certain number (non-zero) of unpaired electrons. consider now fe(cn)6 4â’: here we also have fe2+, but in this case all the electrons are paired, yielding a diamagnetic species. how can you explain this?