The total amount of energy before and after a chemical reaction is the same. thus, energy is a. conserved. b. created. c. destroyed. d. the same as mass.

7. using your knowledge of colligative properties explain whether sodium chloride or calcium chloride would be a more effective substance to melt the ice on a slick sidewalk. use 3 – 4 sentences in your explanation. 8. when a 2.5 mol of sugar (c12h22o11) are added to a certain amount of water the boiling point is raised by 1 celsius degree. if 2.5 mol of aluminum nitrate is added to the same amount of water, by how much will the boiling point be changed? show all calculations leading to your answer or use 3 – 4 sentences to explain your answer. 9. if 5.40 kcal of heat is added to 1.00 kg of water at 100⁰c, how much steam at 100⁰c is produced? show all calculations leading to an answer. 10. the freezing of water at 0⁰c can be represented as follows: h2o (l) ↔ h2o(s) the density of liquid water is 1.00 g/cm3. the density of ice is 0.92 g/cm3. in 3 – 4 sentences explain why applying pressure causes ice to melt.

Which of the four hypothetical substances you investigated would be most harmful to living organisms? 50 points!

6) (a) calculate the absorbance of the solution if its concentration is 0.0278 m and its molar extinction coefficient is 35.9 l/(mol cm). the depth of the cell is 5 mm. (b) what is the %t? (7) calculate the absorbance of the solution if the transmitted light intensity is 70% of the initial light beam intensity