How are ions formed? by the disintegration of one or more electrons by the sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another by the disintegration of one or more protons

the ozone layer acts as a filter for the shorter wavelength and highly hazardous ultraviolet radiation (uvr) from the sun, protecting life on earth from its potentially harmful effects. when the sky is clear, there is an inverse relationship between stratospheric ozone and solar uvr measured at the earth's surface.

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.