Advantages and disadvantages of extracting petroleum products from oil sands

Advantages
- large resource of potential oil
- biggest resource is in Canada, whereas the largest reserves of crude oil are in Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
- It requires less processing than oil shale and presents fewer problems than oil shale
- Processing is mainly by hot water.- Exploitation has only started recently so low cost reserves are still available.

Disadvantages
- Most of the resource is uneconomic at present oil prices - so exploitable reserves are less than for crude oil
- Oil sands require mining, which is more complex and costly than drilling and pumping crude oil.
- Processing requires more energy than for crude oil.
- Resources are less than for oil shale - which is available in very large reserves in the US and Australia.
- Refining is more difficult because the product is in the form of bitumen - requiring cracking to produce a saleable product.
- because of the increased processing and refining, more carbon is released per unit of useable energy than for crude oil

Hydrogen is the most abundant element on the periodic table..hope it .

The phase where ice changes directly to gas is called sublimation