Which of the following could not be an example of input?
a. nitrogen gas
b. cold
c. light
d. these could all be input.

The difference between the atomic number of an element and the element’s atomic mass is the number of ions.

100 grams of molten lead (600°c) is used to make musket balls. if the lead shot is allowed to cool to room temperature (21°c), what is the change in entropy (in j/k) of the lead? (for the specific heat of molten and solid lead use 1.29 j/g⋅°c; the latent heat of fusion and the melting point of lead are 2.45 × 104 j/kg and 327°c, respectively.)

What are the two major rules associated with polarity