When the pressure is in a certain gas cylinder with a volume of 4.50 L reaches 500atm, the cylinder is likely to explode. If this cylinder contains 40.0 moles of argon at 25.0°C, is it on the verge of exploding? Calculate the pressure

The cylinder is nit on the verge of exploding.

Explanation:

Temperature= 25.0°C

The conversion of T(°C) to T(K) is shown below:

T(K) = T(°C)+ 273.15

So,

T=(25.0 + 273.15) K = 298.15 K

Volume= 4.50 L

Moles= 40.0 mol

Using ideal gas equation as:

PV  = nRT

where,

P is the pressure

V is the volume

n is the number of moles

T is the temperature

R is gas constant having value = 0.0821 Latm/ K. mol x 298.15 K

⇔ P= 217.58 atm

Pressure limit = 500 atm .

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.