What is the meaning of this painting

The answer for #3 is c but i don't know why

Harvey kept a balloon with a volume of 348 milliliters at 25.0˚c inside a freezer for a night.  when he took it out, its new volume was 322 milliliters, but its pressure was the same.  if the final temperature of the balloon is the same as the freezer’s, what is the temperature of the freezer? the temperature of the freezer is  kelvins.

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. the ionic radius for na+ is 102 pm and for cl– is 181 pm. in going from na to cl in period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases? a. the inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do. b. the inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion. c. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. d. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. e. monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.