Explain on how do the geosphere and the hydrosphere work together to support life on earth?

1)each group 16 element has how many valence electrons? ( )4 ( )6 ( )8 ( )16 2)how many dots appear in the dot structure for calcium ion, ca2+? ( )zero ( )one ( )two ( )eight 3) which of the following atoms forms a cation to obtain an octet of outer shell electrons? ( )magnesium ( )oxygen ( )fluorine ( )helium 4) an al3+ ion contains 13 protons and 10 electrons. ( )true ( )false 5) valence and non-valence electrons are represented in lewis dot structures. ( )true ( )false

What rule is used to determine how many covalent bonds an element can form? a. the number of covalent bonds is equal to six c the number of covalent bonds is equal to five minus the group number plus the group number b. the number of covalent bonds is equal to eight d. none of the above minus the group number select the best answer from the choices provided

Helium decays to form lithium. which equation correctly describes this decay?