An atom is made up of a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by negatively-charged electrons. The atom is neutral when there are equal numbers of protons and electrons. Ions are formed when there are unequal numbers of protons and electrons in an atom. A positive ion is called a cation whereas a negative ion is called an anion.

adding or remove a gaseous reactant or product changes the concentrations. if the concentration of reactant or product is increased, the system will shift away from the side in which concentration was increased (i.e. if the concentration of reactants is increased, the system will shift toward the products. if more products are added, the system will shift to form more reactants). conversely, if the concentration of reactant or product is decreased, the system will shift toward the side in which concentration was decreased (i.e. if reactants are removed, the system will shift to form more reactants. if the concentration of products is decreased, the equilibrium will shift toward the products).

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