During ionic bonding, there is a transfer of electrons... O from one metallic element to a different metallic element
O from one nonmetallic element to a different nonmetallic element
O from one metallic element to a different metalloid
O from one metallic element to a different nonmetallic element

from one metallic element to a different nonmetallic element

Explanation:

For example NaCl is ionic compound in which Na metal donate electron to Cl non metal

ca has a crystalline lattice with positive ions (since it is a metal, metals are positively charged) and electrons flow freely in its structure since the ca atoms have a large nuclear radius so the electrons are not tightly held, therefore the electrons can flow freely since they are not being highly attracted by the nucleus. moreover, one of the properties of metals are that they are conductors of electricity, thus proving ca is the element.

c. 4.54 x 10–12 j happens to be correct