How can you use knowledge of a minerals chemical makeup or use?

a: to determine how to break down minerals

b: to determine the color of the minerals

c: to classify minerals

d: to identify minerals

Mary is conducting an experiment on how pollution affects plant growth. how can she ensure that her data are reliable?

Why does earth rotate? because earth is formed from cold gases collapsing due to gravity because the matter in the nebula that formed earth was spinning because earth forms more than 99% of the mass of the solar system because the hydrogen atoms inside the nebula fused to form helium

I'm learning about the periodic tables and what each subject's configuration is. for example, hydrogen is 1s^1, but i don't understand how you get that. can someone me understand how to figure out how to figure this out? sorry if the question makes no sense, but it would really a lot if you could me understand! you so much if you can!