given that the only known ionic charges of lead are pb(ii) and pb(iv), how can you explain the existence of the pb2o3 salt

See Explanation

Explanation:

Pb2O3 is better formulated as PbO.PbO2. It is actually a mixture of the two oxides of lead, lead II oxide and lead IV oxide.

This implies that this compound Pb2O3  (sometimes called lead sesquioxide) is a mixture of the oxides of lead in its two known oxidation states +II and +IV.

Hence Pb2O3  contains PbO and PbO2 units.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

i think it's c. if you look search electronic symbol on google and then click on wiki it shows you a