What is the factor that changes the reaction rate in the following example and why: Wine sours more slowly when stored in closed bottles.

The factor is called a "catalyst." The wine sours more slowly when stored in closed bottles because there's no "oxygen" inside the bottle that could lead to an increase rate of decomposition.

Explanation:

Wines are naturally stored with a cork. The cork prevents oxygen from entering into the bottle. As you probably know, wines have natural bacteria which play a role in the process of fermentation. Once bacteria are introduced to oxygen, they multiply. However, in the process of fermentation, there's no oxygen present. So, once the bottle of wine is opened, it should be consumed immediately because exposing it to air will change its flavors.

A "catalyst" is a factor that affects reaction rates. Their presence hastens the time for decomposition.

pie chart because it is in percents ( % )

the density of gold = 19.3 g/cm3

the relation between density and mass and volume is

density = mass / volume

given :

mass of gold = 13 g

density = 13g / volume = 19.3

volume = 13 /19.3 = 0.67 cm^3

thus volume of gold nugget = 0.67 cm^3