4. Describe what control groups, dependent variables, and independent variables are. Give an example of each.

Astudent made a graph plotting the progress of a reaction over time. the student forgot to label the y-axis of the graph. a graph is shown with two graph lines. one graph line starts at a higher position on the y axis and slopes downwards towards the right. the other graph line starts at a lower position on the y axis and slopes upwards towards the right. the two graph lines stop short of intersecting each other and continue as separate lines which gradually become straight and parallel to the x axis. a vertical line is shown at a point where the two graph lines finally became parallel to the x axis. this vertical line is labeled equilibrium. the title on the x axis is time and an arrow pointing towards the right is shown above time. the title on the y axis is left blank. what best explains the label that the student should use on the y-axis? amount, because as the amount of product decreases, the amount of reactant increases over time. reaction rate, because forward and backward reaction become equal at equilibrium. amount, because the amounts of reactants and products become constant after equilibrium is reached. reaction rate, as the rate of forward reaction increases and rate of backward reaction decreases over time.

What is the effect of returning nuclear reactor cooling water back into bodies of water?

Liquid from a brewery fermentation contains 10% ethanol and 90% water. part of the fermentation product (50,000 kg/h) is pumped to a distillation column on the factory site. under current operating conditions, a distillate of 45% ethanol and 55% water is produced from the top of the column at a rate of one-tenth that of the feed. what is the composition of the waste "bottoms" from the still?