Time A Gizmo Warm-up
The reasons for seasons have a lot to do with the angle at
which the Sun's rays hit Earth. To see why, select the
PLATE tab on the Seasons: Why do we have them?
Gizmo. The image shows a solar panel (Plate M) facing
the Sun. Check that the Axis angle is set to 0.
Plate M
1. Click Fire to release 100 "rays" of sunlight. Look next
to "Number of hits" below the plate.
How many of these rays hit Plate M?
2. Click Reset. Change the Axis angle to 40, and click
Fire Reset
Fire. How many rays hit Plate M now?
Als angle
degrees
3. Which do you think will warm up the plate more quickly? (Circle one.)
A. Direct sunlight (sunlight that hits the plate at a 90° angle)
I
B. Indirect sunlight (sunlight that hits the plate at an angle of less than 90°)
Pun or pronohibited

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.