Gas has little energy true or false

Read the given expression. x = number of protons − number of core electrons which of the following explains the identity of x and its trends across a period? x is the effective nuclear charge, and it remains constant across a period. x is the screening constant, and it remains constant across a period. x is the effective nuclear charge, and it increases across a period. x is the screening constant, and it increases across a period.

In an exothermic reaction the bonding energy of the product is: less than the reactants same as the reactants greater than the reactants dependent upon the presence of a catalyst

In what environment would mineral formation caused by high pressures and high temperatures most likely occur?