Methanol is produced industrially by catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide according to the following equation: CO(g) + 2 H2(g) → CH3OH(l) If the yield of the reaction is 40%, what volume of CO (measured at STP) would be needed to produce 1.0 × 106 kg CH3OH?

1.7 × 10⁹ L

Explanation:

Step 1: Write the balanced equation

CO(g) + 2 H₂(g) → CH₃OH(l)

Step 2: Calculate the moles corresponding to 1.0 × 10⁶ kg CH₃OH

The molar mass of CH₃OH is 32.04 g/mol.

Step 3: Calculate the theoretical yield of CH₃OH

The real yield of CH₃OH is 3.1 × 10⁷ mol  and the percent yield is 40%. The theoretical yield is:

Step 4: Calculate the moles of CO required to produce 7.8 × 10⁷ mol of CH₃OH

The molar ratio of CO to CH₃OH is 1:1. The moles of CO required are 1/1 × 7.8 × 10⁷ mol = 7.8 × 10⁷ mol

Step 5: Calculate the volume of 7.8 × 10⁷ mol of CO at STP

The volume of 1 mole of CO at STP is 22.4 L.

pre-sliced bread is a relatively recent development in baking technology. previous to that, it was always sold in a bakery in daily-made contiguous loaves with no wrapping, and was moderately perishable, usually being used with a day or two (which is why every bakery had a discounted “day-old” bread table.) therefore, pre-sliced bread would grow stale quickly. the hard crust provided a protective layer, and once the exposed dry slice left from the previous cut was removed, the interior was still soft.

what keeps bread soft is the moisture retained in the crumb (the light spongy part that’s not crust). the reason the crust develops is the surface of the dough gets exposed to hot dry air during baking which browns the outer layer and seals it, preventing all the moisture from escaping the dough. longer exposure to air will also eventually cause your bread to lose flavor and become stale.

people were used to cutting slices as they needed them and storing bread in a specially-made wooden or metal breadbox or pail with a lid to preserve it longer, but the first automatically sliced commercial loaves were produced on july 6, 1928, in chillicothe, missouri, using a machine invented by otto rohwedder, an iowa-born, missouri-based jeweler.[1] pre-sliced bread would indeed dry out, were it not for another 20th century technology: the plastic bag. bread could now be pre-sliced, and if the enclosing bag remains sealed as much as possible, the bread will remain soft and fresh for longer than if sitting unwrapped on a shelf or enclosed in a bread box that is not air-tight. sealed packaging meant bread could also be sold on store shelves and eliminate frequent trips to a bakery.

sealing bread in a plastic bag had another effect: the moisture in the loaf will re-distribute into the crust and soften it, which is sometimes more pleasing in a sandwich - especially for children whose teeth might not yet be strong enough to tear through a hard crust. a homemade loaf of bread can be sealed in a bag overnight and the crust will become soft like store-bought sandwich bread.

these were novel changes in how bread was produced and sold, which led to the coining of the phrase “the greatest thing since sliced bread.”