Ludwig Boltzmann developed a model that relates entropy to: Select the correct answer below:
a. the spontaneous heat flow accompanying a process to the temperature at which the process takes place
b. the number of possible configurations of the locations and energies of the atoms or molecules that comprise a system
c. the spontaneous heat flow accompanying a process to the work done on a system in which the process takes place
d. the number of, sizes, and possible configurations of the locations of the atoms or molecules that comprise a system

the number of possible configurations of the locations and energies of the atoms or molecules that comprise a system

Explanation:

Ludwig Boltzmann suggested that the concept of entropy may be calculated from close examination of the positions and energies of molecules. He developed this idea into an equation, known as the Boltzmann equation, which relates entropy to the number of microstates (W):

S = k ln W

where k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K), and W is the number of microstates.

Microstates was simply defined as the number of different possible arrangements of molecular position and kinetic energy at a particular thermodynamic state. Hence, any process that gives an increase in the number of microstates therefore increases the entropy.

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.

a. the law of proportion states the combination of 2 atoms in a specific ratio to produce multiple compounds such as the given statement of question ‘1st compound contains 88.8 % cu ’ indicates 88.8 g of cu is present along with 11.2 g oxygen in 100 g of compound whereas the statement ‘2st compound contains 79.9 % cu ’ indicates 79.9 g of cu is present along with 20.1 g oxygen in 100 g of compound

1st compound contains 88.8 g cu

for cu

m = 63 g /mol

atomic % = 88.8 /63 = 1.42

for o

m = 16 g /mol

atomic % = 11.2 /16 = 0.7

b. the emperical formula of 1st compound is

cu1.4o0.7

cu2o