The cytochromes are heme‑containing proteins that function as electron carriers in the mitochondria. Calculate the difference in the reduction potential (ΔE∘′) and the change in the standard free energy (ΔG∘′) when the electron flow is from the carrier with the lower reduction potential to the higher.

cytochrome c1 (Fe3+) + e − <> cytochrome c1 (Fe2+) E∘′= 0.22 V
cytochrome c (Fe3+) + e − <---> cytochrome c (Fe2+) E∘′= 0.254 V

Calculate Δ E ∘ ′ and Δ G ∘ ′ .

The image compares the arrangement of electrons in two different neutral atoms. a figure labeled atom q has a shaded sphere at the center of three concentric circles. the innermost circle has two black spheres. the middle circle has six black spheres. to the left of this figure is another figure labeled atom p. atom p has a shaded sphere at the center of three concentric circles. the innermost circle has two black spheres. the middle circle has seven black spheres. which of the following best explains the position of the two atoms in the periodic table?