Calculate thetotal ionic strength of the following electrolyte solutions:
(i) 0.02 mol kg-1 KOH
(ii) 0.3 mol kg-1 K2SO4
(iii) 0.1 mol kg-1 K3PO4
(iv) 0.115 mol kg-1 KCl and 0.01 mol kg-1 K2HPO4

Which process does not require the presence of a physical substance in order to transfer heat? air in the atmosphere is heated by the ground. this warm air then rises, and cooler air falls. this is an example of what type of process? how is conduction different from radiation?