A topaz crystal has an interplanar spacing of 1.36 Å. Calculate the wavelength of an X-ray that should be used if θ = 15.0°. You may assume first-order diffraction. (1 Å = 10⁻¹⁰ m)

each chemical family is represented as a group or column on the periodic table. based on chemical properties, there are 6 types of chemical families. group 1 represents alkali metals, group 2 represents alkaline earth metals, groups 3 to 12 represent transition metals, groups 13 to 16 represent non-metals and other metals, group 17 represents halogens and group 18 represents noble gases.

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