Ionic Conduction and Two Carrier Types. In certain materials, particularly at higher temperature, positive ions can move throughout the sample in response to applied electric fields, resulting in what is known as ionic conduction. Since this conduction is typically poor, it is mainly observable in materials where there are no free electrons that would transport current. However, occasionally it can occur that a material has both electrical conduction and ionic conduction of roughly the same magnitude – such materials are known as mixed ion-electron conductors. Suppose free electrons have density ne and scattering time τe (and have the usual electron mass me and charge −e). Suppose that the free ions have density ni , scattering time τi , mass mi and charge +e. Using Drude theory,
(1) Calculate the electrical resistivity.
(2) Calculate the thermal conductivity.
(3) Calculate the Hall resistivity.

alkaline metals are lithium, sodium, rubidium, potassium, cesium and francium.

alkali metals have electronegativity from 0.7 to 1, lowest in periodic table of elements, which means that alkali metals (i group in periodic table) has positive oxidation number in compounds.

electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

alkaline metals (far left in main group) have lowest ionizations energy and easy remove valence electrons,

for example, potassium is the alkali metal and has a single valence electron in the outer electron shell.

electron configuration of potassium is: ₁₉k 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹.

they can not exist alone in nature, because they are very reactive.

water at room temperature is flowing through a pipe with pressure taps located 10 ft apart along one section of the pipe, which are connected to a mercury (s=13.6) manometer.