Determine the molar solubility (S) of Ag2CO3 in a buffered solution with a pH of 4.207 using the systematic treatment of equilibrium. Ksp(Ag2CO3) = 8.46 × 10–12; Ka1(H2CO3) = 4.45 × 10–7; Ka2(H2CO3) = 4.69 × 10–11.

Given Hint: Use the systematic treatment of equilibrium to solve this problem. 1. Write the pertinent reactions. 2. Write the charge balance equation. 3. Write the mass balance equations. 4. Write the equilibrium constant expressions for each reaction. 5. Count the equations and unknowns. 6. Solve for all unknowns.

sodium (na), for example, has one electron in its valence shell. this is an unstable state because that valence shell needs eight electrons to be full. in order to fill its valence shell, find a way to add seven electrons to its valence shell

definition

                    entropy is a measure of the randomness or the extent of disorder of a chemical process.

                      enthalpy is a measure of the heat change of a reaction occurring at a constant pressure.

measurement units:

                        entropy is measured in joule per kelvin (jk⁻¹)   whereas enthalpy is measured in joule per mole (jmol⁻¹)

requirements:

                            entropy has no requirements or limits, and its change is measured by the division between the heat change of the chemical process and the temperature.

                              in contrast, enthalpy can only be related to the heat change of the reaction under standard conditions.