Note that nearly a half-century passed before avogadro’s contribution was identified as a possible solution to the problem of atomic weight standardization. how does this demonstrate that (a) creative insight is crucial to science, and (b) that previous science ideas become useful in unanticipated ways?

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Vander waals forces are inter molecular bonds that exist within molecules of the same substance. a water molecule is made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms which share electrons between each other. the vander waals forces are forces that exist between multitude of different  molecules of water. dipole dipole forces is the type of vander waals force that exist in water. the oxygen atom which is more electronegative pulls the shared electron closer to itself thus generating a partial negative charge while the hydrogen acquire a partial positive charge. these two different charges causes attraction to occur in water molecules.

Moles of co₂ = 2.35/44 = 0.0534 mole.from ideal gas equation pv=nrt,  t = 18+273k = 291 kelvin.∴px5 = 0.0534x0.0821x291∴p = 0.0534x0.0821x291/5 = 0.2551 atm.now, 1 atm = 760 mm of hg  ∴ 0.02551 atm = 0.02551 x 760 = 19.38 mm of hg