Use the concept of electron configurations to explain why the number of valence electrons in metals tends to be less than the number in most nonmetals.

The electronic configuration uses the principle of the K,L,M,N shells to arrange electrons in the shells of elements. The K shell which is the first shell can only accommodate two electrons while the rest shells can accommodate a maximum of 8 electrons. Metals and nonmetals have atomic numbers which tells us the amount of electrons they contain in their neutral state.

For example the metal  Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11.The electronic configuration will be; 2,8,1 .

The non metal Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. The electron configuration will be 2,8,7

The valence shell refers to the last shell of an atom.

We can see from the electronic configurations that sodium has 1 electron in its valence shell, while chlorine has 7 electrons in its valence shell. Generally non-metals gain electrons because of the large number of electrons in their valence shell and metals lose electrons due to the fewer number of electrons in their valence shell

the best answer is d because the strong cohesion is caused by the ability of water molecules to undergo hydrogen bonding.

a is incorrect because when water solidifies, it becomes   ice, which expands and occupies a bigger volume for the same mass of water in its liquid state.

b is incorrect because water has high surface tension. besides bonding to itself it hydrogen bonds to other molecules at the top decreasing possibility for breaking of attractive forces.

c is incorrect because the water molecule has oxygen which is highly electronegative and so pulls the electron pair towards itself creating a dipole moment, making the molecule polar.

e is incorrect because water has strong adhesion, ability to stick to other molecules such as glass because of this molecules having stronger hydrogen bonding than water.

thats how its supposed to be