1. if all the variables, other than nucleophilicity, are being held constant, why are different masses of sodium bromide and sodium chloride used? 2. prepare if/then statements on the possible outcomes of the experiment. for example, if sodium bromide is more nucleophilic, be sure to include specific results you would expect to see. in other words, how will that be reflected in the data? 3. draw the setup needed for a reflux. should the condenser by capped? 4. what property determines which layer is on top or bottom in an extraction? what are the values for 1-butanol, 1-bromobutane and 1-chlorobutane? will the organic layer be on top or bottom? if you are not sure, how can you verify which layer is organic? 5. why will the gc syringe be washed with pentane before it is used with the sample?

particle   p is an electron and particle q is a neutron

answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.