a cup of water and a bucket of water left out in the sun
have the same water temperature, but the bucket has more thermal energy. the same is
true for a bucket of water and a swimming pool that have been out in the sun over time.
although they have the same water temperature, the swimming pool has more thermal
energy. based on these examples, how does the definition of temperature differ from the
definition of thermal energy?

The main difference b/w these two is that thermal energy deals with the heat while Temperature deals with the kinetic energy of the molecules .

Explanation:

In case of thermal energy , heat is the only concern for the object as in this scenario , bucket and swimming pool has larger surface area to absorb the heat directly from the sun while the temperature is relevant to the kinetic motion of the water molecules in the exhibited objects in the example .

Let me know if you need more explanation about this . thanks

a non redox reaction occurs when there is not a transfer of electrons. for redox reactions, which are reduction-oxidation reactions, a change in the oxidation number occurs. elements that are reduced gain electrons, and elements that are oxidized lose electrons.

explanation:

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.