Materials in earth's interior?
10. what happens to p-waves and s-waves when they reach the boundary between
the mantle and the outer core? what does this tell us about the outer core? !

The inner core is the Earth's "interior".

P-waves pass through both the mantle and core, but are slowed and refracted at the mantle / core boundary. Whereas, S-waves pass from the mantle to the core and are absorbed due to shear waves being incapable of transmitting through liquids. Therefore, this is (further) proof the outer core does not behave like a solid substance.

assuming that your periodic table has eighteen columns, you should highlight   the four elements in the third column from the left of the table.

neutral atoms of elements after calcium contain d electrons. the energy of d orbitals of a particular main shell lies between the energy of the s and p orbitals of the next main shell. for example, electrons in the have energy higher than those in the orbital while lower than those of the orbital.

by the aufbau principle, electrons fill orbitals one at a time, starting from those of the lowest energy. the orbital is therefore filled right after orbitals and before orbitals.  

potassium has electron configuration and calcium . the s orbital of a main shell holds a maximum of two electrons. the next element would thus have the electron configuration and satisfy the requirements.

a neutral atom of the element contains three electrons on top of the most recent noble gas element. it should thus be placed in the third column of the periodic table. both scandium and yttrium would satisfy the conditions. an aufbau diagram indicates that the 4f orbital is filled before the 5d. however, it appears that exceptions exists for both lanthanum and actinium. neutral atoms of the two d-block elements also demonstrate the and should be highlighted as well.

fe 55.85 g/mol and h2o 18.02 g/mol.