Nitrogen (n) normally forms three covalent bonds with a valence of 5. however, ammonium has four covalent bonds, each to a different hydrogen (h) atom (h has a valence of 1). what do you predict to be the charge on ammonium?

positve 1

Explanation:

Since the Nitrogen is a neutral atom when is in it basic form. Tend to loose 3 electrons, that is the reason why it has  a valence of 5, this means that are 3 available places for positives charges, to complete the octet, and to be neutral again.

In the case of ammonium, since the Nitrogen receives 4 positives charges, one positive charge from each Hydrogen atom, the amount of positive charges are more than the negative charges.  That is the reason the ammoniun has 1+. NH4 1+  

the answer to your question is c.

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atomic number of carbon is 6

electronic configuration of carbon is 1s²2s²2p²

orbital diagram of carbon is as shown here in the image.